Computer Space and beyond: 50 years of gaming

Arcade originals Pong (left) and Computer Space (right) at the Computerspielemuseum in Berlin

What is now a multi-billion-pound industry started out as a humble arcade machine created by a group of college students in 1971.

Before then, playing video games had been a geeky pastime for small groups on university tech campuses, but in 1971, Nolan Bushnell, a student at the University of Utah, joined up with Jim Stein, a Stanford University researcher, to make a game.

They were both players of a game called Spacewar! which was being run in a university lab. From Nolan's experience of working at amusement parks, the pair saw potential in making an arcade version of a video game.

After working on it for several years, they joined forces with Nutting Associates, an arcade company. Their game, Computer Space, was released for the first time for a physical test run in August 1971.

Built in a fiberglass cabinet, the simplistic space shooter game was hailed a success. The first arcade video game had been made.

But how did we get from the bleeps and bloops of the arcade to an industry that's worth more than music and film combined?

Let's chart its history.

Space Invaders, launched in 1978, had a huge influence on gaming and the wider world

1970s: The birth of gaming

After the release of Computer Space, many more games were produced over the decade. The most well-known was Pong, which, while very primitive by the standards of today, is widely considered one of the most famous arcade games ever. The Atari-made title went on to sell 35,000 units worldwide.

This decade also saw the release of Space Invaders, which landed in Japan in 1978. Within the year, 60,000 machines had made their way to the United States.

It would take some time for home gaming to catch on, but this set the foundations for it, with Atari releasing a version of Pong that could be played at home in 1975. Mattel also made a handheld game console in 1979, called Intellivision.

Mario's first appearance in a game was in 1981's Donkey Kong, a game designed by Shigeru Miyamoto, when he was known as Jumpman

1980s: The heyday of the arcades

The 1980s is synonymous with the imagery of packed, neon-lit amusement arcades, and rightly so, as it was the decade that brought us Tetris, Pacman, which became the best-selling arcade game of all time, and Ms Pac-man.

Nintendo also capitalised on the growth of arcades; creating iconic mascots like Mario.

But the decade nearly witnessed the demise of the rapidly-changing industry, in the video game crash of 1983.

Market saturation and waning interest in home gaming saw revenues drop from $3.2bn (£2.3bn) in 1983 to just $100m in 1985. However, later that year popularity surged again with the release of the Nintendo NES, which sold 61.9 million units.

Mortal Kombat provoked outrage for its graphic violence, leading to major changes in the video games industry

1990s: Combat, consoles, and controversy

As graphics and consoles improved, games now looked better. This development was captured best in 1992's Mortal Kombat.

The graphic violence in the game shocked families around the world and, despite the game's popularity, it reached the United States Senate, which dragged the developers, Midway, to a hearing in 1993 to discuss video game violence. This led to the introduction of video game age ratings.

The decade also saw the release of many well-known franchises - from PlayStation to Sonic and Warcraft. But most notably it was the decade of Doom. The game depicts a soldier fighting demons on Mars and was the pioneering First Person Shooter - the most popular gaming genre today - which paved the way for the likes of Call of Duty and Battlefield.

The 1990s were rounded off with critical and commercial flop Superman 64, for the Nintendo 64. It was widely considered one of the worst games of all time in the 90s, and still dominates worst games lists today.

BBC News reported on the 2001 launch of Microsoft's first console, Xbox, which came with a built-in hard drive, an operating system geared towards online play, and very large controllers

The Noughties: An online revolution

Ah, the early 2000s. As well as being the decade that brought us The Sims and mobile gaming - the bane of many a parent - this was the decade online gaming made its name.

In 2001, Microsoft released its own console called Xbox, which came with its flagship title Halo: Combat Evolved - a huge hit, which helped the console sell millions of units.

World of Warcraft launched in 2004 - at its peak in 2010, it had almost 12 million subscribers

Its 2004 sequel, Halo 2, was the real revolutionary though, as it brought with it Xbox Live, which allowed gamers across the world to compete and play together.

The 2000s was also the decade that saw the release of the massive, multiplayer game, World Of Warcraft, which enabled thousands of people to play together in the fictional world of Azeroth. At its peak in 2010, it had 12 million active subscribers.

Gaming also became accessible to a wider audience during this time. The Nintendo Wii, which made use of motion controls to play sports-like games, was popular with families and, surprisingly, healthcare professionals. A total of 61% of stroke hospitals in Australia purchased a Wii, and the Wii Fit was also endorsed by the NHS.

Minecraft has been the big success story of the past decade, dominating the spare hours of millions of children

2010s: Loot boxes and indie darlings

The most notable game released in the past decade has been without a doubt, Minecraft.

The 2011 indie game, made in Sweden, has sold more than 200 million units - and without needing flashy graphics or a storyline.

It uses a revolutionary, randomized 3D world, with a style that wouldn't go amiss in a Lego collection.

Online video game Fortnite was developed in 2017, and is best known for its 100-player Battle Royale mode

However, the decade also saw the rising prominence of a number of infamous practices, notably the rise of loot boxes.

Although they appeared as early as 2004, they became mainstream in the mid-2000s as many games, such as 2017's Star Wars Battlefront 2.

They require players to pay real cash for in-game perks, without knowing what they will receive, that gave them an edge. This system was dubbed "pay to win" by gamers.

The link between gambling and gaming has been a big theme of the decade. One game, Counter-Strike: Global Offensive, made great use of in-game accessories, which were popular with young children. However, many websites allowed users to trade and gamble on them.

In 2016, the of Counter-Strike's developers, Valve, took steps to shut down these websites and stop players from using their games to enable gambling.

It was also the decade that saw the release of the Nintendo Switch, a revolutionary hybrid of a home console and a portable system, and gaming giant Fortnite, a free game, which earned the developers Epic $2.4bn in accessories and other transactions in 2019.

Source: BBC